Lesson Plan

• Describe the particle arrangement and typical motion in solids, liquids and gases.
• Explain how temperature relates to the average kinetic energy of particles.
• Identify the six common phase changes and state whether each is endothermic or exothermic.
• Apply Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay‑Lussac’s, Avogadro’s, combined and ideal gas laws to solve quantitative problems.
• Distinguish ideal‑gas behaviour from real‑gas behaviour and write the Van der Waals equation when required.

• Projector and screen for diagrams
• Whiteboard and markers
• Printed worksheet with particle diagrams and gas‑law problems
• Balloon or syringe for a simple gas‑expansion demo
• Calculators or classroom computers
• Ice, water and a beaker of steam for a phase‑change demonstration (optional)

Begin with a quick question: “Why does an ice cube melt on a warm day but a balloon stays inflated?” This taps into students’ everyday observations of states of matter. Review prior knowledge of solids, liquids and gases and the idea that temperature measures kinetic energy. State that by the end of the lesson they will be able to describe particle behaviour, explain phase changes and use gas laws confidently.

1. Do‑now (5’) – short quiz on everyday examples of solids, liquids and gases.
2. Mini‑lecture (10’) – particle arrangement and kinetic theory using slides and diagrams.
3. Demonstration (8’) – melt ice, boil water, and inflate a balloon to visualise phase changes and gas expansion.
4. Guided practice (12’) – worksheet: classify phase changes, calculate latent heats, and discuss energy flow.
5. Gas‑law activity (15’) – groups solve problems applying Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay‑Lussac’s, Avogadro’s and the combined gas law; use calculators.
6. Concept check (5’) – exit ticket: one sentence explaining when the ideal gas equation is insufficient and how the Van der Waals correction addresses it.

Recap the key ideas: particle arrangement, kinetic energy, phase‑change energetics, and the suite of gas laws. Collect the exit tickets to gauge understanding and assign homework: complete a set of gas‑law problems and write a short paragraph describing a real‑world situation where the ideal gas law fails.