Biology – 7.1 Human nutrition – diet | e-Consult
7.1 Human nutrition – diet (1 questions)
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PEM severely compromises the immune system in children through several mechanisms. Protein is essential for the production of antibodies, which are crucial for fighting off infections. A lack of protein leads to a deficiency in these antibodies, making children more vulnerable to bacterial and viral infections.
Specific Consequences:
- Reduced Antibody Production: The body cannot produce enough antibodies to effectively neutralize pathogens.
- Impaired Phagocytosis: Phagocytes (immune cells that engulf and destroy pathogens) are less effective. This is due to a lack of necessary proteins for their function.
- Decreased T-cell Function: T-cells, which play a key role in cell-mediated immunity, are also negatively affected. This can lead to increased susceptibility to intracellular pathogens.
- Increased Susceptibility to Infections: Children with PEM are far more likely to contract infections like pneumonia, diarrhoea, and measles. These infections are often more severe and have a higher mortality rate.
- Delayed Wound Healing: Protein is vital for tissue repair, so wounds heal more slowly in children with PEM.
Physiological Mechanisms:
- Reduced Lymphocyte Production: Lymphocytes (including T-cells and B-cells) are essential for adaptive immunity. PEM reduces the production and function of these cells.
- Impaired Cytokine Production: Cytokines are signaling molecules that coordinate the immune response. PEM can disrupt cytokine production, leading to a weaker and less coordinated immune response.
- Compromised Gut Barrier Function: The gut lining becomes damaged, allowing pathogens to more easily enter the bloodstream and trigger infections.