History – 1. Core Content Option A – The 19th century: the development of modern nation states, 1848–1914 | e-Consult

Answer: This statement presents a strong argument for the primacy of economic factors in driving European expansion during the 19th century. While economic motives were undeniably significant, it is too simplistic to claim they were the *most* important. Political, social, and ideological factors also played crucial roles, often intertwining with economic desires.

Economic Factors: The Industrial Revolution created a huge demand for raw materials (cotton, rubber, minerals) and new markets for manufactured goods. This led to the search for colonies to secure these resources and outlets. The growth of capitalism encouraged investment in overseas ventures. The desire for profit was a powerful motivator for individuals, companies, and governments alike. Examples include the British East India Company's pursuit of Indian textiles and the scramble for African resources.

Political Factors: Nationalism played a significant role. European powers sought colonies to enhance their prestige and power relative to their rivals. Strategic considerations, such as controlling key sea routes and naval bases, were also important. The desire for territorial expansion and empire building was a common theme in European politics. Examples include the rivalry between Britain and France for control of Africa and the competition for colonies in Asia.

Social Factors: The belief in European superiority (the "White Man's Burden") motivated many Europeans to expand their empires. Missionaries sought to spread Christianity and Western values. The desire for adventure and opportunity attracted many people to colonial territories. Examples include the role of missionaries in spreading Christianity in Africa and the migration of Europeans to colonies in search of a better life.

Conclusion: While economic factors provided the primary impetus for expansion, political and social factors significantly shaped the nature and extent of European empires. A more nuanced view recognizes the interplay of these factors, demonstrating that expansion was driven by a complex combination of economic greed, political ambition, and ideological justifications. Therefore, the statement is not entirely accurate; economic factors were important, but not the *most* important.