Biology – Genetic technology applied to medicine | e-Consult

Gene editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, offer unprecedented precision in modifying DNA sequences. This holds immense potential for treating genetic diseases, but also raises profound ethical concerns. The potential benefits are significant; CRISPR could potentially cure or alleviate the symptoms of a wide range of genetic disorders, including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease. However, the risks are substantial. Off-target effects, where the CRISPR system edits DNA at unintended locations, are a major concern. Mosaicism, where only some cells are successfully edited, can also reduce the effectiveness of the therapy. The long-term consequences of gene editing are largely unknown.

Germline editing, which involves modifying the DNA of sperm, eggs, or embryos, is particularly controversial. Arguments against germline editing focus on the potential for irreversible and unpredictable consequences for future generations. It raises concerns about altering the human gene pool and the potential for unintended evolutionary effects. Ethical objections also include concerns about human dignity, the potential for misuse (e.g., for enhancement rather than therapy), and the lack of informed consent from future generations. Arguments for germline editing often emphasize the potential to eradicate devastating genetic diseases and alleviate suffering for future generations. However, the risks associated with germline editing are considered to be much higher than those associated with somatic cell editing (editing cells in the body that are not passed on to offspring).

International consensus on the ethical permissibility of germline editing is currently lacking. Strict regulations and ongoing ethical debate are essential to ensure that this powerful technology is used responsibly and ethically. A key consideration is the potential for exacerbating social inequalities if germline editing becomes available only to the wealthy. Furthermore, the definition of what constitutes a 'disease' worthy of germline editing is itself a complex ethical issue.