Identification of needs, analysis and research, design brief and specification

In Design and Technology, the design process is like planning a road trip. First, you decide where you want to go (needs), then you research the route (analysis), draft a travel plan (brief), and finally pack your bags (specification). Each step builds on the previous one to create a successful project.

Ask yourself: Who will use this product? What problem does it solve? Why is it needed?

• Conduct user interviews or surveys.
• Observe current solutions and note shortcomings.
• Define the user’s core needs and any constraints.

🔍 Exam Tip: Use the 5 Ws (Who, What, When, Where, Why) to capture all relevant information.

Gather data to support your design decisions.

1. Research materials, technologies, and manufacturing methods.
2. Analyse cost, sustainability, and safety requirements.
3. Use SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) to evaluate options.

📚 Exam Tip: Present research in a clear table format to show comparison.

The design brief is your project’s roadmap.

• Purpose: State the problem and solution.
• Target user: Describe demographics and needs.
• Constraints: List technical, budget, and time limits.
• Success criteria: Define measurable goals.

📝 Exam Tip: Use bullet points for clarity and keep the brief concise.

Specifications translate the brief into detailed requirements.

1. Dimensions, weight, and tolerances.
2. Material properties and finishes.
3. Performance criteria (e.g., load capacity).
4. Safety and regulatory standards.

📐 Exam Tip: Include a cost equation: $Cost = Material\ Cost + Labour\ Cost$ and calculate total cost.

• Always start with clear user needs.
• Support decisions with research and data.
• Write a concise design brief and detailed specification.
• Use tables and bullet points to organise information.
• Practice explaining your process in simple, relatable terms.