Cambridge Syllabus Notes

📊 10.4 Finance and Accounting Strategy – Accounting Data and Ratios

Why Ratios Matter

Think of ratios as the speedometer of a company. They tell you how fast the business is running, how well it can keep up with its debts, and whether it’s fuelled enough to grow. But, just like a speedometer can be wrong if the car is damaged, ratios can mislead if the data behind them is shaky.

Limitations of Published Accounts

??? Time lag – Accounts are usually released 6–12 months after the period ends, so they may not reflect current conditions.
📚 Different accounting policies – Two companies can use different rules (e.g., depreciation methods), making their numbers incomparable.
🧩 Omitted information – Non‑financial factors (management quality, market trends) are not captured.
⚠️ Manipulation risk – Companies may use creative accounting to present a healthier picture.

Limitations of Ratio Analysis

🔍 Context matters – A high current ratio may simply mean the company is holding too much cash instead of investing.
📊 Industry differences – Ratios that are good in one sector can be bad in another (e.g., retail vs. manufacturing).
⚖️ One‑size‑doesn’t‑fit‑all – Ratios ignore qualitative aspects like brand strength or employee morale.
📉 Short‑term focus – Ratios often ignore long‑term sustainability.

Example: Current Ratio Misinterpretation

The current ratio is calculated as:

$$\frac{\text{Current Assets}}{\text{Current Liabilities}}$$

Suppose Company A has a current ratio of 2.5. At first glance, that seems great – it can cover its short‑term debts 2.5 times over. But:

🏦 80 % of its current assets are idle cash that could be invested.
📈 Its competitors have a ratio of 1.2 but use that cash to launch new products.
📉 Company A’s high ratio hides a weak cash flow that will soon force it to borrow.

Thus, the ratio alone can give a false sense of security.

Exam Tips for Ratio Analysis

📝 Always ask: “What does this ratio really tell me?”

🔎 Compare with industry averages. If the ratio is above the average, it might be a strength; if below, a weakness.

⚠️ Check the date of the accounts. A ratio from 2018 may not be relevant for a 2024 exam question.

💡 Look for qualitative clues. A company with a high debt‑to‑equity ratio might still be safe if it has a strong cash flow.

Quick Reference Table: Common Ratios & What They Show

Ratio	Formula	What It Indicates
Current Ratio	$$\frac{\text{Current Assets}}{\text{Current Liabilities}}$$	Liquidity – ability to meet short‑term obligations.
Quick Ratio	$$\frac{\text{Cash + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivable}}{\text{Current Liabilities}}$$	Liquidity – excludes inventory.
Debt‑to‑Equity	$$\frac{\text{Total Debt}}{\text{Shareholders’ Equity}}$$	Leverage – financial risk.
Return on Equity (ROE)	$$\frac{\text{Net Income}}{\text{Average Shareholders’ Equity}}$$	Profitability – efficiency of equity use.

Final Thought

Ratios are powerful tools, but like any tool, they need to be used with caution and context. Always pair your numbers with a narrative that explains the story behind the figures.

the limitations of using published accounts and ratio analyses