Know and understand internal memory including random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM)

1.1 Internal Memory

Internal memory is where a computer stores data while it is running. It is like the brain’s short‑term memory.

• Fast but temporary – called volatile memory.
• Remains when the computer is turned off – called non‑volatile memory.

1.1.1 Random Access Memory (RAM) 💾

Think of RAM as the desk where you keep your notes while studying. You can quickly grab any note, but if you leave the desk and go home, the notes are gone.

$$\text{RAM} = \text{volatile memory}$$

1. Stores data that the CPU needs right now.
2. Speed: very fast – allows the computer to work quickly.
3. Capacity: usually a few gigabytes (GB).

Exam tip: Remember that RAM is volatile. It loses its contents when power is removed.

1.1.2 Read‑Only Memory (ROM) 📚

ROM is like a permanent notebook that never gets erased. It contains the computer’s firmware – the instructions that tell the computer how to start up.

$$\text{ROM} = \text{non‑volatile memory}$$

• Data is written once (usually during manufacturing).
• Cannot be easily changed by the user.
• Stores the BIOS or UEFI firmware.

Exam tip: ROM is non‑volatile. It keeps its data even when the power is off.

RAM vs ROM Comparison

Other Key Components of a Computer System

• CPU – the brain that processes instructions.
• Motherboard – the main circuit board that connects everything.
• Storage (HDD/SSD) – long‑term memory where data is kept when the computer is off.
• Input/Output devices – keyboards, mice, monitors, etc.

Exam Tips for Internal Memory

• Use the terms volatile and non‑volatile correctly.
• Remember that RAM is the computer’s short‑term memory and ROM holds the firmware.
• When asked to compare, list at least three differences (volatility, speed, capacity).
• Use examples: “RAM is like a desk; ROM is like a permanent notebook.”